20 advanced-level multiple-choice questions derived from the material presented in Sections 10 and 11. We will begin by thoroughly reviewing the material to identify essential points and details that can be formulated into questions.
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Section 10 addresses the topic of Wireline Logging. Key subjects covered encompass various logging tools such as calipers, nuclear sources, velocity surveys, repeat formation testers, and sidewall coring, alongside casing collar locators, wireline explosives, safety protocols, and the configuration of the wireline logging unit.
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Section 11 focuses on Well Testing, with a particular emphasis on Drill Stem Testing (DST). The primary considerations in this context include the objectives of DST, the equipment employed (such as perforating guns, packers, and annulus-controlled valves), procedures like perforating with lightweight fluids, the use of pressure recording devices, and the operational sequence within the test string.
For each section, it is necessary to extract specific details to serve as the foundation for the development of complex multiple-choice questions. Let us address each section individually and systematically.
Commencing with Section 10:
- Caliper Log Usage: The text mentions the caliper log is used for cementing volumes. A question here could ask about its primary purpose.
- Nuclear Sources: Different types and their purpose (formation type and permeability). Also, safety measures like work permits and trained personnel.
- Velocity Survey Log: The tool measures time for sound signals from the rig, while seismic vessels use gas guns. A question could contrast these two.
- Repeat Formation Tester: Measures formation pressures and takes fluid samples. The correct answer would be that it gets actual formation pressures.
- Sidewall Cores (CST): Two types (fired cup vs drilling). Questions might ask about retrieval methods.
- Casing Collar Locator (CCL): Used for depth correlation with casing collars. Also, markers on the cable every 100m for stretch and depth correlation.
- Explosives in Wireline: Uses include perforating and fishing. Different charges (low yield vs high explosive). Safety procedures like radio silence for older systems.
- Wireline Logging Unit Location: Aft of the rig with a clean power supply. Why diesel generator? To prevent electrical interference.
Moving to Section 11:
- Purpose of DST: To determine commercial viability of hydrocarbons.
- Perforating Methods: Wireline with mud hydrostatic vs. perforating guns with diesel. Differences in cleanliness and formation damage.
- Components of Well Testing: Three topics: surface hook-up, surface to BOP, BOP to formation. The latter includes packer placement, annulus-controlled valves.
- Pressure Recorders: Located in the test string below the packer. They need to be retrieved to read data.
- Packer Function: Isolates perforated zone from BOP.
- Annulus-Controlled Ball Valve: Operated by annular pressure, closes by venting. Number of pressures needed (10 times for some valves, J-slot ratchet mechanism).
- Hydrostatic Pressure in Perforating: Using lighter fluid (diesel) allows formation fluids to flow into the string, cleaning perforations.
- Test String Composition: Open-ended at the bottom, then pressure recorders, packer, valves above.
- Old Firing Systems: Radio silence required due to interference causing accidental detonation.
- Well Test Circulation: Circulating lighter fluid or hydrocarbons by opening annulus-controlled valves.
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Framing and Addressing Potential Questions
As an illustration, consider the Velocity Survey Log:
Question: What is the primary distinction between the functioning of the Velocity Survey Log and the operations of a seismic survey vessel?
The selection process would encompass the determination of the sound source’s location as well as the instruments or methods employed. The correct response is that the Velocity Survey utilizes the rig as its sound source, whereas seismic surveys employ gas guns deployed from a vessel.
Another instance concerning nuclear sources in wireline logging:
Question: What is the fundamental safety protocol for managing nuclear sources during wireline logging operations?
Options encompass factors such as work permits, proximity to the rig, and other considerations. The requirement for qualified personnel and an appropriate permit is justified.
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It is essential to ensure that each question is accompanied by plausible distractors. For example, misinterpreting the location of the blowout preventer (BOP) as part of the surface equipment within well testing components.
Furthermore, regarding the J-slot ratchet valve, the inquiry could pertain to the number of annulus pressure applications required to activate the valve, where the correct response would be 10.
We will ensure that each question is grounded in specific details from the text and that the answer choices evaluate comprehension rather than mere memorization. The level of difficulty should be substantial, with distractors that are closely related to the correct answer yet ultimately incorrect.
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It is essential to minimize repetition and address a diverse range of topics from both sections. A total of 20 questions will be included, with approximately 12 derived from Section 10 and 8 from Section 11, reflecting the depth of content in each section.
It is necessary to ensure that correct answers are accurately identified and extracted. For instance, the Repeat Formation Tester obtains precise pressure measurements rather than estimations, thereby establishing it as the appropriate selection.
Furthermore, it is worth noting that in Sidewall Cores, one method involves employing a cup that is propelled into the wall and subsequently retrieved using a wire, while another technique utilizes a drilling mechanism to extract and collect samples within a chamber. Thus, a question regarding CST types would primarily emphasize the retrieval method as its central focus.
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Additionally, the Casing Collar Locator incorporates markers positioned on the cable at intervals of 100 meters to account for stretch and depth. A question might associate these markers with depth correlation.
In well testing, once perforation is conducted using guns within a test string filled with diesel, the reduction in hydrostatic pressure facilitates flow. The appropriate response in this context would be that the utilization of diesel decreases hydrostatic pressure, thereby facilitating the entry of formation fluids.
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It is now time to construct each question with four answer choices and determine the correct responses, ensuring alignment with the provided content. Additionally, ensuring the questions are sufficiently challenging by incorporating options with similar phonetic characteristics where applicable.
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